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INSTITUTE OF EARTH PHYSICS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, B. GRUZINSKAYA, 10, MOSCOW, USSR
Abstract
We studied the spectral content and variations in time of the coda of seismic oscillations following the body and surface waves of local earthquakes. Within narrow frequency bands, the form of the envelope of the coda is remarkably stable—independent of epicenter (and therefore epicentral distance), depth of focus, and all other parameters of the source. Only the absolute amplitude of the coda differs from event to event. Similarly, the forms of the coda at two stations from the same earthquake overlap one another, differing only in absolute amplitude by a factor that is the same for all events. Hence given the form of the coda, its amplitude in any frequency band may be parameterized by one number—the amplitude at a certain time. Therefore, the spectrum of the coda as a function of time can be described as the product of two factors—one, independent of time, is dependent only on the source, and the other, reflecting the effects of the medium and the same for all sources, gives the time dependence for each frequency band. Segments of the envelopes with time can be matched by simple theories of scattering. Using the theoretical relationships, estimates of Q can be made and show that for any time interval, Q increases with frequency, approximately proportional to the square root of frequency. As longer elapsed times are considered, the estimates of Q increase, suggesting greater penetration of seismic energy into the higher Q parts of the Earth. The spectra of different events can be compared directly by comparing the spectra of the codas at the same elapsed time. Such a comparison reveals a wide variety of different source spectra. By using empirical relations among coda spectra, observed S-wave spectra, and theoretical constraints, an estimate of the spectrum radiated by the source can be calculated from the coda spectrum. Source parameters (seismic moment, corner frequency of the radiated spectrum, calculated stress drop, etc.) can be determined from coda spectra of events with many different moments and in different regions, with the same station. The results show several interesting features dependent on the seismic moments and on the regions in which the earthquakes occurred.
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L. WENNERBERG Second reply to K. Aki's "Comment on 'microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California, seismic network: Site response and source scaling'" Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1990; 80(4): 1039 - 1042. [PDF]
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J. HAVSKOV, S. MALONE, D. MCCLURG, and R. CROSSON Coda Q for the state of Washington Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1989; 79(4): 1024 - 1038. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. A. LANGSTON Scattering of long-period Rayleigh waves in Western North America and the interpretation of coda Q measurements Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 1989; 79(3): 774 - 789. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. E. HOUGH, J. G. ANDERSON, J. BRUNE, F. VERNON III, J. BERGER, J. FLETCHER, L. HAAR, L. HANKS, and L. BAKER Attenuation near Anza, California Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1988; 78(2): 672 - 691. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. JIN and K. AKI Spatial and temporal correlation between coda Q and seismicity in China Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1988; 78(2): 741 - 769. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T. V. ECK Attenuation of coda waves in the Dead Sea region Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1988; 78(2): 770 - 779. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. M. DAINTY, R. M. DUCKWORTH, and A. TIE Attenuation and backscattering from local coda Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1987; 77(5): 1728 - 1747. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. FRANKEL and L. WENNERBERG Energy-flux model of seismic coda: Separation of scattering and intrinsic attenuation Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1987; 77(4): 1223 - 1251. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. H. K. LEE, K. AKI, B. CHOUET, P. JOHNSON, S. MARKS, J. T. NEWBERRY, A. S. RYALL, S. W. STEWART, and D. M. TOTTINGHAM A preliminary study of coda Q in California and Nevada Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1986; 76(4): 1143 - 1150. [PDF]
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D. A. NOVELO-CASANOVA and R. BUTLER High-frequency seismic coda and scattering in the northwest Pacific Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 1986; 76(3): 617 - 626. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. S. PHILLIPS and K. AKI Site amplification of coda waves from local earthquakes in central California Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 1986; 76(3): 627 - 648. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. J. REBOLLAR, C. TRASLOSHEROS, and R. ALVAREZ Estimates of seismic wave attenuation in northern Baja California Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1985; 75(5): 1371 - 1382. [Abstract] [PDF]
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F. SCHERBAUM and C. KISSLINGER Coda Q in the Adak seismic zone Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1985; 75(2): 615 - 620. [PDF]
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E. DEL PEZZO and A. ZOLLO Attenuation of coda waves and turbidity coefficient in central Italy Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1984; 74(6): 2655 - 2659. [PDF]
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W. MENKE and R. CHEN Numerical studies of the coda falloff rate of multiply scattered waves in randomly layered media Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1984; 74(5): 1605 - 1614. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. J. PULLI Attenuation of coda waves in New England Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1984; 74(4): 1149 - 1166. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. CHEN, O. W. NUTTLI, W. YE, and J. QIN Estimates of short-period Q values and seismic moments from coda waves for earthquakes of the Beijing and Yun-nan regions of China Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1984; 74(4): 1189 - 1207. [Abstract] [PDF]
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N. N. BISWAS and K. AKI Characteristics of coda waves: Central and southcentral Alaska Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1984; 74(2): 493 - 507. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. S. PAPAGEORGIOU and K. AKI A specific barrier model for the quantitative description of inhomogeneous faulting and the prediction of strong ground motion. Part II. Applications of the model Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1983; 73(4): 953 - 978. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. G. RICHARDS and W. MENKE The apparent attenuation of a scattering medium Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1983; 73(4): 1005 - 1021. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. S. GAO, L. C. LEE, N. N. BISWAS, and K. AKI Comparison of the effects between single and multiple scattering on coda waves for local earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1983; 73(2): 377 - 389. [Abstract] [PDF]
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E. DEL PEZZO, F. FERULANO, A. GIARRUSSO, and M. MARTINI Seismic coda Q and scaling law of the source spectra at the Aeolian Islands, southern Italy Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 1983; 73(1): 97 - 108. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. K. SINGH, R. J. APSEL, J. FRIED, and J. N. BRUNE Spectral attenuation of SH waves along the Imperial fault Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1982; 72(6A): 2003 - 2016. [Abstract] [PDF]
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V. F. CORMIER The effect of attenuation on seismic body waves Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1982; 72(6B): S169 - S200. [Abstract] [PDF]
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K. AKI Scattering and attenuation Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1982; 72(6B): S319 - S330. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T. MODIANO and D. HATZFELD Experimental study of the spectral content for shallow earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1982; 72(5): 1739 - 1758. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. W. ROECKER, B. TUCKER, J. KING, and D. HATZFELD Estimates of Q in central Asia as a function of frequency and depth using the coda of locally recorded earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 1982; 72(1): 129 - 149. [Abstract] [PDF]
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K. AKI Source and scatering effects on the spectra of small local earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1981; 71(6): 1687 - 1700. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. CONSOLE and A. ROVELLI Attenuation parameters for Friuli region from strong-motion accelerogram spectra Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1981; 71(6): 1981 - 1991. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. B. HERRMANN Q estimates using the coda of local earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1980; 70(2): 447 - 468. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T. G. RAUTIAN, V. I. KHALTURIN, V. G. MARTYNOV, and P. MOLNAR Preliminary analysis of the spectral content of P and S waves from local earthquakes in the Garm, Tadjikistan region Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1978; 68(4): 949 - 971. [Abstract] [PDF]
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