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U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Rd.
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
(U.S.t.B., P.C.M.)
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Rd., MS 977
Menlo Park, California 94025
(M.A.F., R.J.B., T.P.)
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046
Lakewood, Colorado 80225
(R.C.B.)
Geophysics
Box 351650
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98195
(R.S.C., K.C.C.)
Manuscript received 23 August 2001.
The Seattle fault, a large, seismically active, east-west-striking fault zone under Seattle, is the best-studied fault within the tectonically active Puget Lowland in western Washington, yet its subsurface geometry and evolution are not well constrained. We combine several analysis and modeling approaches to study the fault geometry and evolution, including depth-converted, deep-seismic-reflection images, P-wave-velocity field, gravity data, elastic modeling of shoreline uplift from a late Holocene earthquake, and kinematic fault restoration. We propose that the Seattle thrust or reverse fault is accompanied by a shallow, antithetic reverse fault that emerges south of the main fault. The wedge enclosed by the two faults is subject to an enhanced uplift, as indicated by the boxcar shape of the shoreline uplift from the last major earthquake on the fault zone. The Seattle Basin is interpreted as a flexural basin at the footwall of the Seattle fault zone. Basin stratigraphy and the regional tectonic history lead us to suggest that the Seattle fault zone initiated as a reverse fault during the middle Miocene, concurrently with changes in the regional stress field, to absorb some of the north-south shortening of the Cascadia forearc. Kingston Arch, 30 km north of the Seattle fault zone, is interpreted as a more recent disruption arising within the basin, probably due to the development of a blind reverse fault.
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